ABSTRACT
Objectives: To prospectively investigate whether baseline clinical characteristics and medication exposure predict development of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Methods: Youth aged 9-20 years with at least one biological parent with bipolar disorder and no prior history of mood or psychotic episodes (n=93) were prospectively evaluated and treated naturalistically during the study. Participants were divided into two groups: converters, defined as those who met DSM-IV criteria for a mood episode during follow-up (n=19); or non-converters (n=74). Logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between baseline clinical variables and medication exposure during follow-up and risk of developing a first mood episode (conversion). Results: Multivariate regression analyses showed that baseline anxiety disorders and subsyndromal mood disorders were associated with increased risk of conversion during follow-up. Adding medication exposure to the multivariate model showed that exposure to antidepressants during follow-up was associated with increased risk of conversion. Conclusions: Caution should be used when treating bipolar offspring with anxiety and/or emerging depressive symptoms using antidepressant agents, given the increased risk of developing a major mood disorder.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Depressive Disorder, Major , Parents , Prospective Studies , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate whether an animal model of mania induced by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) has an inflammatory profile and whether immune activation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has a cumulative effect on subsequent stimuli in this model. We also evaluated the action of lithium (Li) on inflammatory and neurotrophic factors. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to an animal model of mania. After the open-field test, they were given LPS to induce systemic immune activation. Subsequently, the animals' blood was collected, and their serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) were measured. Results: LDX induced hyperactivity in the animals, but no inflammatory marker levels increased except brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Li had no effect on serum BDNF levels but prevented iNOS levels from increasing in animals subjected to immune activation. Conclusion: Although Li prevented an LPS-induced increase in serum iNOS levels, its potential anti-inflammatory effects in this animal model of mania were conflicting.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Bipolar Disorder/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate , Lithium/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Nerve Growth Factors/drug effects , Time Factors , Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Reproducibility of Results , Cytokines/blood , Treatment Outcome , Rats, Wistar , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/blood , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/blood , Locomotion/drug effectsSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Piperazines/adverse effects , Sulfides/adverse effects , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/adverse effects , Mood Disorders/chemically induced , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Trazodone/adverse effects , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/adverse effects , Mood Disorders/drug therapy , Drug Synergism , VortioxetineABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar as relações entre o uso agudo e crônico de cannabis e alterações do humor. MÉTODO: Os artigos foram selecionados por meio de busca eletrônica no indexador PubMed. Capítulos de livros e as listas de referências dos artigos selecionados também foram revisados. RESULTADOS: Observam-se elevados índices de comorbidade entre abuso/dependência de cannabis e transtornos afetivos em estudos transversais e em amostras clínicas. Estudos longitudinais indicam que, em longo prazo, o uso mais intenso de cannabis está relacionado com um risco maior de desenvolvimento de doença bipolar e, talvez, depressão maior em indivíduos inicialmente sem quadros afetivos; porém, os mesmos não encontraram maior risco de uso de cannabis entre aqueles com mania ou depressão sem esta comorbidade. Outra importante observação é que o uso de substâncias psicoativas em bipolares pode estar associado a uma série de características negativas, como dificuldade na recuperação dos sintomas afetivos, maior número de internações, piora na adesão ao tratamento, risco aumentado de suicídio, agressividade e a uma pobre resposta ao lítio. Tratamentos psicossociais e farmacológicos são indicados para o manejo da comorbidade entre cannabis e transtornos afetivos. CONCLUSÃO: As relações entre o uso de cannabis e alterações do humor são observadas tanto epidemiologicamente quanto nos contextos clínicos.
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the relationship between acute and chronic use of cannabis and mood changes. METHOD: Articles were selected by electronic search in PubMed. Chapters in books and reference lists of selected articles were also reviewed. As the research did not involve humans, there was no evaluation by a Research Ethics Committee. RESULTS: High rates of comorbidity between use/abuse/dependence of cannabis and affective disorders in longitudinal studies and in clinical samples were observed. Longitudinal studies indicate that, in long-term, the higher use of cannabis is associated with an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder, and probably, major depression in subjects initially without affective disorder, but was not found increased risk of cannabis use among those initially only with mania or depression. Another important observation is that substance abuse in bipolar patients may be associated with a number of negative characteristics, such as difficulty in recovering the affective symptoms, more hospitalizations, poor compliance with treatment, increased risk of suicide, aggression and a poor response to lithium. Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments are indicated for the management of comorbidity between cannabis and affective disorders. CONCLUSION: The relationship between cannabis use and mood changes are observed both in the epidemiological research and in the clinical settings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cannabis/adverse effects , Depression/chemically induced , Marijuana Abuse/complications , Mood Disorders/chemically induced , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Depression/diagnosis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Marijuana Smoking/psychology , Mood Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
Aripiprazol é um antipsicótico atípico (AAt) frequentemente indicado para o tratamento agudo da mania, assim como para quadros mistos de transtorno bipolar (TB) tipo I e para o tratamento de manutenção do TB tipo I. A potencial ação antidepressiva dos AAts possibilita que medicamentos dessa classe aumentem as chances do aparecimento de mania em indivíduos suscetíveis. Com o objetivo de sumarizar evidência que possibilite a discussão técnica desse tópico, aqui relatamos três casos de pacientes com TB com mania induzida por aripiprazol. Pacientes tinham diagnósticos e comorbidades diferentes e estavam em regime terapêutico também diferente. Mania foi temporalmente associada à introdução de aripiprazol. Melhora considerável aconteceu após a retirada do fármaco. Sugerimos que o aripiprazol, por meio da sua ação antidepressiva, seja fator de risco para virada maníaca e hipomaníaca. Recomendamos o uso associado de estabilizador de humor com potencial antimaníaco para prevenir eventual inversão de fase. Sugere-se, ainda, a provável eficácia antidepressiva do aripiprazol.
Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic often used as monotherapy or as add-on therapy in patients with manic episodes, as well as for bipolar disorders. The antidepressive effect of the atypical antipsychotic medications raises the possibility that these drugs may increase the risk of mania in susceptible individuals. With the aim of providing further evidence on this subject, herein we reported three patients with bipolar disorder and mania induced by aripiprazole. Patients had different final diagnosis as well as different comorbidities. Their therapeutic regimen was different as well. Onset of manias was temporarily associated with aripiprazole use and important improvement happened after the discontinuation of this drug. We suggest that aripiprazole, due to its antidepressant properties, is a risk factor for mania and hypomania. Mood stabilizer is recommended in certain individuals using this drug, in order to prevent phase switch. We also suggest the antidepressant efficacy of aripiprazole.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Electroconvulsive Therapy , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Cyclothymic Disorder/chemically inducedSubject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/adverse effects , Citalopram/adverse effects , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Mood Disorders/chemically induced , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/adverse effects , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/administration & dosage , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Citalopram/administration & dosage , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/administration & dosageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Treatment-emergent affective switch has been associated to cycle acceleration and poorer outcome, but there are few studies addressing this issue. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the outcome of patients presenting treatment-emergent affective switch with patients with spontaneous mania, regarding presence and polarity of a new episode and time to relapse. METHOD: Twenty-four patients with bipolar disorder according to the DSM-IV were followed for 12 months. Twelve patients had treatment-emergent affective switch and twelve had spontaneous mania. Patients were evaluated weekly with the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale until remission of the index episode, and monthly until completion of the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: Eleven patients with treatment-emergent affective switch had a recurrence on follow-up, all of them with major depressive episodes. In the group with spontaneous mania, six patients had a recurrence: two had a depressive episode, and four had a manic episode (p = 0.069 for new episode, p = 0.006 for polarity of the episode). Patients with treatment-emergent affective switch relapsed in a shorter period than patients with spontaneous mania (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: In this first prospective study, treatment-emergent affective switch patients were at greater risk of relapses, especially depressive episodes, and presented a shorter duration of remission when compared with patients with spontaneous mania.
OBJETIVO: A ciclagem para mania associada ao antidepressivo tem sido relacionada à aceleração do ciclo e pior evolução, mas há poucos estudos na literatura sobre este assunto. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar prospectivamente a evolução de pacientes com mania associada a antidepressivo com pacientes com mania espontânea, em relação a tempo para recaída e polaridade do novo episódio. MÉTODO: Vinte e quatro pacientes com transtorno bipolar, de acordo com os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV, foram seguidos por 12 meses: 12 pacientes com mania associada a antidepressivo e 12 pacientes com mania espontânea. Os pacientes foram avaliados semanalmente com a Escala para Mania de Young e a Escala para Depressão de Hamilton até remissão do episódio inicial e, mensalmente, até completar o período de seguimento de 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Onze pacientes com mania associada ao antidepressivo tiveram uma recorrência no seguimento, sendo todos os episódios depressivos. No grupo de mania espontânea, seis pacientes apresentaram recorrência, sendo dois episódios depressivos, e quatro episódios de mania (p = 0,069 para novo episódio e p = 0,006 para polaridade do episódio). Pacientes com mania associada a antidepressivo recaíram em um menor período de tempo que os pacientes com mania espontânea (p = 0,016). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo prospectivo, os pacientes com mania associada a antidepressivo apresentaram maior risco de recorrência, especialmente episódios depressivos, e com menor duração de remissão quando comparados aos pacientes com mania espontânea.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Cyclothymic Disorder/chemically induced , Follow-Up Studies , Prospective Studies , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Recurrence , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Neuropsychiatric side effects are common with Interferon a 2b. Psychosis and depression have been reported. Several cases of mania have been reported but only few have been associated with treatment for hepatitis B. We report a case of mania with psychotic symptoms in a 21-year-old female diagnosed to have hepatitis-B infection, who was receiving interferon. The report supports the view that dose reductions or pauses during interferon treatment can cause mania. Family history of mood disorder could be a risk factor. Atypical presentations are common in interferon-induced mania. Mania induced by interferon responds well to antimanic drugs. Since the use of interferon is increasing in developing countries, the need for awareness of side effects and management issues are important and these are highlighted.
Subject(s)
Adult , Antimanic Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Female , Hepatitis B/drug therapy , Humans , Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage , Mood Disorders , Risk Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
O hipertireoidismo é uma síndrome clínica de hipermetabolismo caracterizada por várias manifestações sistêmicas, inclusive neuropsiquiátricas. Além do mais, a doença de Graves, uma das formas mais comuns de hipertireoidismo, pode cursar com uma forma específica de oftalmopatia. Os glicocorticóides são freqüentemente utilizados no tratamento desses sintomas oculares da doença. Por outro lado, encontra-se bem estabelecido que os corticóides podem causar complicações psiquiátricas. Relatamos um caso de uma paciente com tireotoxicose pela doença de Graves que, durante o seu acompanhamento, evoluiu com quadro compatível com síndrome maníaca associado à introdução de corticosteróide para controle da oftalmopatia. Discutimos as manifestações psiquiátricas apresentadas pela paciente assim como analisamos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da síndrome maníaca nessa condição clínica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Graves Disease/psychology , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Hyperthyroidism/complications , Psychoses, Substance-Induced/etiology , Thyrotoxicosis , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Introducción. Los antidepresivos se han asociado a viraje desde depresión a hipomanía o manía. En este trabajo se presenta una actualización sobre la manía e hipomanía farmacógena y sus implicancias para la clínica. Método. Se revisaron diferentes artículos y reportes publicados en revistas de la especialidad. Resultados. El viraje por antidepresivos es mayor en depresión bipolar, con el uso de tricíclicos y depende directamente del tiempo de la terapia antidepresiva. No se han observado diferencias cualitativas en los parámetros clínicos entre la hipomanía espontánea y la farmacológica. Conclusión. Debe tenerse en cuenta que los unipolares que viran con antidepresivos serían más bien bipolares que no han desarrollado aún la otra fase de modo espontáneo. El viraje farmacológico es el mejor predictor para el desarrollo de enfermedad bipolar con una especificidad del 100%. Por ello se les denomina "pseudounipolares", englobándolos dentro del espectro bipolar como "bipolares tipo III".